Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began with a work stoppage by railroad employees in West Virginia who were protesting a reduction in their wages. And that seemingly isolated  incident quickly turned into a national movement. Railroad workers walked off the job in  other states and seriously disrupted  commerce  in the East and Midwest. The strikes were ended within a few weeks, but not before major incidents of vandalism and violence. The Great Strike marked the first time the federal government called out troops to quell a labor dispute. In messages sent to President Rutherford B. Hayes, local officials referred to what was happening as â€Å"an insurrection.† The violent incidents were the worst civil disturbances since the Draft Riots which had brought some of the violence of the Civil War into the streets of New York City  14 years earlier. One legacy of the labor unrest in the summer of 1877 still exists in the form of landmark buildings in some American cities. The trend of building immense fortress-like armories was inspired by the battles between striking railroad workers and soldiers. Beginning of the Great Strike The strike began in Martinsburg, West Virginia,  on July 16, 1877, after workers of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad were informed that their pay would be cut 10 percent. Workers grumbled about the loss of income in small groups, and by the end of the day railroad firemen began walking off the job. Steam locomotives could not run without the firemen, and dozens of trains were idled. By the next day it was apparent that the railroad was essentially shut down and the governor of West Virginia began to ask for federal help to break the strike. Approximately 400 troops were dispatched to Martinsburg, where they scattered protesters by brandishing bayonets. Some soldiers managed to drive some of the trains, but the strike was far from over. In fact, it began to spread. As the strike was starting in West Virginia, workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had begun walking  off the job in Baltimore, Maryland. On July 17, 1877, news of the strike was already the lead story in New York City newspapers. The New York Times coverage, on its front page, included  the dismissive headline: Foolish Firemen and Brakemen on the Baltimore and Ohio Road Cause of the Trouble. The position of the newspaper was that lower wages and adjustments in working conditions were necessary. The country was, at the time, still stuck in an economic depression which had been triggered originally by the Panic of 1873. Violence Spread Within days, on July 19, 1877, workers on another line, the Pennsylvania Railroad, struck in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With the local militia sympathetic to the strikers, 600 federal troops from Philadelphia were sent to break up protests. The troops arrived in Pittsburgh, faced off with local residents, and ultimately fired into crowds of protesters, killing 26 and wounding many more. The crowd erupted  in a frenzy, and trains and buildings were burned. Summing it up a few days later, on July 23, 1877, the New York Tribune, one of the nations most influential newspapers, headlined a front-page  story The Labor War. The account of the fighting in Pittsburgh was chilling, as  it described federal troops unleashing volleys of rifle fire at civilian crowds. As word of the shooting had spread through Pittsburgh, local citizens rushed to the scene. The outraged mob set fires and destroyed several dozen buildings belonging to the Pennsylvania Railroad. The New York Tribune reported: The mob then began a career of destruction, in which they robbed and burned all the cars, depots, and buildings of the Pennsylvania Railroad for three miles, destroying millions of dollars worth of property. The number of killed and wounded during the fighting is not known, but it is believed to be in the hundreds. End of the Strike President Hayes, receiving pleas from  several governors, began moving troops from forts on the East Coast toward railroad towns such as Pittsburgh and Baltimore. Over the course of about two weeks the strikes were ended and  workers returned to their jobs. During the Great Strike it was estimated that 10,000 workers had walked off their jobs. About a hundred strikers had been killed.   In the immediate aftermath of the strike the railroads began to forbid union activity. Spies were used to ferret out union organizers so they could be fired. And workers were forced to sign yellow dog contracts that disallowed joining a union. And in the nations cities a trend developed of building enormous armories that could serve as fortresses during periods of urban fighting. Some massive armories from that period still stand, often restored as civic landmarks. The Great Strike was, at the time, a setback for workers. But the awareness it brought to American labor problems resonated for years. Labor organizers learned many valuable lessons from the experiences of the summer of 1877. In a sense, the scale of the activity surrounding the Great Strike indicated that there was a desire for a widespread movement to secure workers rights. And the work stoppages and fighting in the summer of 1877 would be  a major event in the history of American labor. Sources: Le Blanc, Paul. Railroad Strike of 1877. St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide, edited by Neil Schlager, vol. 2, St. James Press, 2004, pp. 163-166. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, vol. 1, Gale, 1999, pp. 400-402. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Jonathan Swift Rhetorical Analysis - 1051 Words

In 1729 in Dublin Ireland, preposterous yet devoted Jonathan Swift presents to the people of Ireland and England an absurd plan that will achieve the ending of the Irish mans poverty, in doing so the people of Ireland will have to make the ultimate sacrifice by choosing to feast upon â€Å"a young healthy child well nursed† because they will certainly make a â€Å"nourishing meal†; Jonathan’s satire proposes the idea of cannibalism to decrease the starvation, Swift hopes to bring awareness to the the inequality the Irish are facing by using appeals to logic, credibility, and emotion. First and foremost, Swift starts off with an appeal to logic. Swift starts by criticising the kingdom for example â€Å"I think it is agreed by all parties, that this†¦show more content†¦In doing so Swift is a credible resource because Jonathan did the math and research to back up the essay. Swift goes on to explain that â€Å"The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders.† Jonathan Swift soon gets even more technical by calculating the amount of wives there are from one million and a half people. With this information Jonathan Swift can quickly pinpoint the amount of women who can give birth or as Swift describes it â€Å"breed.† Swift then moves back into the same math equation to â€Å"subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children...but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders.† This example only proves that Swift is only offering statistical evidence to make the statement more dependable. Another example from the text that might come into play would be considered reliable would be from the sensory imagery side of the text. For example â€Å"A young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, aShow MoreRelatedJonathan Swift Rhetorical Analysis706 Words   |  3 Pagesthe problem. One man, Jonathan Swift, believed that he had found the solution to the problem. His plan was to take children of these impoverished families and use them as a new food source. One would simply kill the child and then prepare it in whatever they choose. Although his method was satirical, he provided enough logic and reasoning to make this idea a possibility. Thus, Jonathan Swift’s plan of eating children to save money and fix the economy is a potential plan. Swift is very persuasive andRead MoreJonathan Swift Rhetorical Analysis1031 Words   |  5 Pages1729 in Dublin, Ireland, preposterous yet devoted Jonathan Swift presents to the people of Ireland and England an absurd plan that will achieve the ending of the Irish mans poverty, in doing so the people of Ireland will have to make the ultimate sacrifice by choosing to feast upon â€Å"a young healthy child well nursed† because they will certainly make a â€Å"nourishing meal†; Jonathan’s satire proposes the idea of cannibalism to decrease the starvation, Swift hopes to bring awareness to the inequality theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift854 Words   |  4 PagesA Modest Proposal† is an essay by Jonathan Swift that gives some type of a solution to the hunger problem in Ireland. Swift espouse an ironic approach that guarantee a surprise ending. At the beginning of the essay, he cornerstones his proposal that will be good for the public and diminish economic troubles. The proposal that Swift advances concerns the selling of poor Irish children to the rich, so that they could suffice as food. In addition, he points out that this will ease the pressures on theRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of a Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift639 Words   |  3 PagesJohnathan Swift wrote Modest Proposal with the idea to better humanity.. When you first read it you miss what the true message is. You think â€Å"Man this guy is a monster!† or â€Å"He’s sick!†, but once you reach the end the true meaning of the proposal hits you. When Jonathan Swift wrote a Modest Proposal he tried to get his audience to see the problem by taking it and providing an unethical and inhumane solution then using rhetorical devices to bring out people’s emotions. Of the many devices he usedRead MoreEffective Persuasive Techniques Used By John Donne s `` The Flea ``1480 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Argument Techniques Effective argumentative and persuasive techniques are a course of reasoning aimed at validating or falsifying the truth in an argument. With an in-depth analysis of literature, the perplex intentions of a writer that use such techniques can be revealed. Methods such as logical fallacies, rhetorical devices, and satirical devices are three approaches that construct a piece of work on a more compelling level. Behind these elements of writing, there are a multitude of purposesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal722 Words   |  3 PagesA Modest Rhetorical Analysis Since its original publishing in 1729, Jonathan Swift’s pamphlet â€Å"A Modest Proposal† has endured for its rhetorical complexity (and sheer satirical absurdities). Through judicious use of ethos (ethical appeal), logos (logical appeal), and pathos (emotional appeal), Swift crafts a sarcastic, insincere, overly embellished argument to address Irelands food shortage and economic crisis meant to simultaneously entice and repulse readers. His audience is explicitly asked toRead MoreThe Shock Factor of A Modest Proposal by by Johnathan Swift 789 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis of â€Å"A Modest Proposal† â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Johnathan Swift was intended to use shock factor as incentive to get the British Parliament to come up with a workable plan to deal with the multitude of poor children in Ireland (Swift). If logic is applied to the proposal, ignoring the fact that the proposal was not meant to be taken seriously and the blatant sometimes over-the-top sarcasm occasionally used, several parts of it would cause an uproar and quite possibly a revolutionRead MoreNotes On Reading : Https1593 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on specific questions from below and/or questions using your answers for deeper analysis. We will then further discuss this piece of writing. How does Swift want the reader to view the speaker? What features best describe the â€Å"persona† he adopts? Give examples from the text. Jonathan Swift wants the readers to view him as a pragmatic and heartless realist who has found a solution to a serious issue. Swift used sophisticated diction to list seemingly sensible reasons as to why his horrifyingRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1809 Words   |  8 PagesJonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal is a satirical essay that sardonically uses an outrageous solution to the massive poverty in Ireland. He proposes this lengthy idea of eating children as the solution to the society’s problems. His serious yet hyperbolic and satirical style allows Swift an approach to get people engaged in the difficulties the Irish had to do to survive their everyday life. This essay explores Swift’s ability to use literary devices and how these techniques advance his idea aboutRead MoreA Good Fat Child1774 Words   |  8 Pagesunemployment in Ireland, giving the Irish economy a much needed boost, while making it easier for England to deal with its unruly Iris h subjects. Swift uses this outrageous concept of selling children as food to deliver a message. One of the most impacting satirical methods Swift utilizes is the statistical analysis he provides in an effort to enhance his satire. Swift goes on to offer statistical support for his proposal and specific data about the number of children to be sold, their weight and price- â€Å"I

The Life of Okonkwo Free Essays

How would you react if you wanted to stop unwanted visitors from controlling your former people and changing them economically, socially, and politically. Okonkwo who is one of the main characters in the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, does not want this cultural conflict to happen to his fellow clan members because it might or might not lead to violence. Okonkwo’s people who live in the Nigerian town of Umuofia which is one of the main settings for the book were not prepared for this cultural conflict between the very different Western and African cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of Okonkwo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Okonkwo had a very different response to Western civilization taking over Umuofia than the rest of his fellow clan members. First of all, Okonkwo had a different sense of identity before the cultural collision of Western and African cultures. For example, in Part One we learn that â€Å"Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper, and so did his little children.†(Achebe 13). This demonstrates how Okonkwo sense identity is different before Western conflict with the African people of Umuofia. An additional example of Okonkwo identity before the cultural collision with the Westerners is when we find out that â€Å"[Okonkwo’s] whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of weakness.†(Achebe 13). That quote is presenting the concept that Okonkwo has lots of fear in his life at the moment, because his father created the failure for him. But, Okonkwo isn’t all cruel and horrible because â€Å"He wanted Nwoye to grow into tough young man capable of handling his father’s household when he was dead and gone to join his ancestors.†(Achebe 52). This quote is displaying the information that, Okonkwo does not want his son Nwoye to be like his Okonkwo’s father who didn’t help him as much; and he wants Nwoye to learn very important skills for later on, so he does not fail as a father like how Okonkwo’s dad did. To summarize this paragraph Okonkwo’s sense of identity did not yet change since this was Part One of Okonkwo’s emotions and how his fears did or didn’t affect him as a person. How to cite The Life of Okonkwo, Papers

Regulatory Issues in Cam free essay sample

Some examples are: natural products, acupuncture, chiropractic, Feldenkrais Method, movement therapy, and through one’s own personal belief system. Natural Products Botanical Herbs Natural products are used on a wide range of medical conditions. Doctors of the western culture have embraced many of the natural products to treat conditions from diabetes, overweight and high blood pressure. Most recent DR. Oz has announced benefits of taking Chia seeds as supplements to help multiple body functions from lowering blood pressure to weight loss and digestion. According to Coley, Chia seeds are rich in omega-3’s and dietary fibers. According to the office of Dietary Supplements National Institution of Health, Botanical herbs are a plant or plant part/s that is valued as a medical or therapeutic purpose. To be called a supplement a Botanical herb has to be able to be ingested by the mouth as a pill, liquid, capsule or tablet. It also must contain dietary supplements and be intended for supplementing one’s diet. In addition to these standards, it must be printed on the supplement bottle that it is a supplement (NIH 2013). Mind Body Acupuncture Acupuncture can be dated back centuries to Oriental medicine. The process involves the different pressure points by penetration of the skin. According to the department of consumer affairs, an acupuncturist is allowed to engage in the practice of acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, perform or prescribe the use of oriental massage, acupressure, moxibustion, cupping, breathing techniques, exercise, heat, cold, magnets, nutrition, diet, herbs, plant, animal, and mineral products, and dietary supplements to promote, maintain, nd restore health pursuant to Business amp; Professions Code Section 4937. The practices of acupuncture, according to Fontaine, have been so successful for hundreds of years that now the practice is being used on cats, dogs and horses. This is done through veterinarians and those who are trained and certified to perform these tasks. Although acupuncture requires training and certification, the sister to this practice requires no major training or certification and is referred to by Fontaine as the over the counter version known as acupressure. This technique is similar to acupuncture in that it targets the pressure points using hand or finger pressure instead of needles similar to the type of pressure that a Chiropractor might use. Manipulation Body Based Chiropractic Chiropractic is a well-known type of therapy that is used to help those with spine or back problems. According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2012) â€Å"practitioners may use a variety of treatment approaches, they primarily perform adjustments or manipulations to the spine or other parts of the body with the goal of correcting alignment problems, alleviating pain, improving function, and supporting the bodys natural ability to heal itself†. Chiropractors have been around for several hundred years and over the years have improved tremendously. There is always more research that can be done to improve the field as this research continues. According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2012) â€Å"in the United States, chiropractic is often considered a complementary health practice†. Chiropractors usually do not take insurance. Patients seeking care will pay out-of-pocket for visits. Chiropractors work with their hands in order to get the patients spine aligned and usually do not use medical tools. Some will receive beneficial treatment, but this method does not work for everyone. Feldenkrais Method Feldenkrais Method is used in physical therapy. It is designed to improve cognitive ability and functionality (as they relate to muscle memory), through the simulation of an infant’s experimental movement. Each distinct pattern of movement can help with enhancing one’s self-awareness and self-image by a more natural and fluid movement. To accomplish this, practitioners employ two techniques simultaneously. Awareness through movement consists of sequences of movement following verbal prompts within a group setting. The goal of this technique is to increase mobility and sensitivity, while reducing muscular stress, which stimulates sensory motor learning. Functional integration consists of intense, hands-on methods, within a one-on-one setting. The goal of this technique is to promote changes within the body’s organization that enhances the efficiency of the muscular system resulting in improved coordination (Wildman, 1988). Traditional Chinese Medicine â€Å"Traditional Chinese Medicine† is an all-inclusive health system with a wide array of applications ranging from preventative techniques to the diagnosis and treatment of disorders. The focus is on the individual patient, rather than the illness (i. e. whole systems theory). The goals are to improve quality of life and to promote good health practices through the utilization of several techniques. Treatments can include various practices (i. e. diet, herbal remedies, massage therapy, Acupuncture, Qi Gong, Gua Sha, and Feng Shui). Qi. The Chinese believe that energy (qi) flows through every living thing, including nature. Energy is responsible for maintaining health and balance, and follows a path throughout the body, that is carefully mapped and gathers at strategic points (meridians). Each of the five forms of qi (i. e. in, wei, jing, zang, and zong) is responsible for energizing a different area of the body (Fontaine, 2011). Yin and yang. The concepts of Yin and Yang represent compatible opposites that when put together, form a complete whole. Yin controls bodily fluid for temperature regulation and represents impassiveness, while yang controls movement, supports matter, and represents action and assertiveness. They naturally balance one another, and a re completely dependent upon one another to function properly. Five phase theory. Forces of nature can be linked to specific organs within the human body. Five phase theory uses the correlation between the elements of fire, earth, metal, water, and wood to explain the natural cycle of life. Each element represents a different area, and corresponding function within the body (Fontaine, 2011). Five seasons theory. The four main directions on a compass, South, West, North, and East, are linked to four out of the five elements, and have a profound effect on the body. Earth (regarded as maturity and late summer) resides in the center; South, (regarded as the highest position of the sun), is linked to fire and summer. West, (regarded as the harvest), is linked to metal and autumn. North, (regarded as dormancy), is linked to water and winter. East, (regarded as growth), is linked to wood and spring (Fontaine, 2011). Three treasures theory. The combinations of elements that make up one’s life force are what make up the substance and function of the body, mind, and spirit (i. e. the three treasures). Although each of these is a separate entity, they are also the same however they are different representations, or manifestations, of one another, which directly influence physical and mental health (Fontaine, 2011). The increasing demands and operation of complementary and alternative medicines have need for physicians to concentrate on integrating these methods. Whereas complementary and alternative medicine concentrate on the unabridged person, either with the use of natural products, acupuncture, chiropractic, Feldenkrais Method, movement therapy, and through one’s own personal belief system, its uses has repute for good quality value amongst health conscious patients. These methods used to facilitate, deal with increased interest in wellness-promoting activities that have not characteristically been part of conventional medical care. The use of these methods recompense outweighs their costs. Through many research provided, yet again complementary and alternative medicines are a great way for people to get the help they need. References Browne, C. (2013). Chinese medicine offers relief for Fibromyalgia. Retrieved from http://www. acupuncture. com/newsletters/m_may13/fibromyalgia. htm Coley, J. (2013). How to import chia seeds. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/how_7500603_import-chia-seeds. html Fontaine, K. L. (2011). Complementary amp; alternative therapies for nursing practice (3rd ed. . Boston, MA: Pearson. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2012). Retrieved from http://nccam. nih. gov/health/chiropractic/introduction. htm Office of Dietary Supplement National Institute of Health. (2013). NIH. Retrieved from http://ods. od. nih. gov/factsheets/botanicalbackground-healthprofessional/ Wildman, F. (1988). Feldenkrais method: Clinical applications (physical therapy). Physical Therapy Fo rum, 7(6). Retrieved from http://www. feldenkraisinstitute. org/articles/c_clinical. html